How are Proteins Made? Transcription & Translation
Cognito
1,878,192 views
⭐️ Find revision notes, questions, flashcards and more: https://cognitoedu.link/biology_prote...
** WHAT'S COVERED **
1. Introduction to Protein Synthesis
2. Overview of the two main stages: Transcription and Translation.
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA as a copy of a single gene.
Key structural differences between mRNA and DNA (length, single strand, Uracil vs Thymine).
4. Transcription: Copying the Gene
The role of RNA Polymerase.
Complementary base pairing rules for mRNA synthesis.
Formation of the mRNA strand.
5. Translation: Building the Protein
Role of the ribosome
How codons code for specific amino acids.
Role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.
Folding of the amino acid chain into a functional protein.
** EXAM BOARD INFO **
AQA - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
IGCSE Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only
Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only
OCR 21st Century - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
OCR Gateway - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
** CHAPTERS **
0:00 Intro to Protein Synthesis
0:15 The Two Stages: Transcription & Translation
0:48 Why We Need mRNA
2:05 mRNA vs DNA Structure
2:49 Transcription: Making mRNA
3:12 Uncoiling DNA for Transcription
3:49 RNA Polymerase & Base Pairing Rules (A-U, C-G)
5:47 Template Strand
6:42 Translation: Overview
7:02 Codons (Triplets) & Amino Acids
7:45 Translation: Making the Protein
8:06 Role of tRNA & Anticodons
9:42 Building the Amino Acid Chain
10:48 Forming the Protein (Folding)
** PLAYLISTS **
GCSE Maths (9-1)
GCSE Biology (9-1)
GCSE Chemistry (9-1)
GCSE Physics (9-1)
A-Level Biology
#GCSE #Biology #study #revision #school #exam #AQA #OCR #Edexcel #IGCSE #IB #AP
20 Comments
Edit: love how everyone is here the day before
Protein synthesis:
1. Transcription - taking a single gene of DNA and copying it into a structure called mRNA:
- Enzyme (RNA polymerase binds just before the gene starts)
- Two strands are separated, all the bases to be exposed
- RNA p. moves along the dna strand, reads the bases one by one, make mRNA strand
- mRNA bases will always be complementary to DNA bases
- Once done RNA p. detaches
- Original one is called template strand
2. Translation - taking that mRNA strand and using it to produce a protein:
- Triplet codes for a specific amino acid
- mRNA strand and a ribosome bind together
- Amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by tRNAs
- Anti-codon
- tRNA detaches leaving amino acids are in correct order forming a protein chain (folded up)
3. :
- Gene - a section of dna that has a specific sequence and codes for specific protein
- Specific sequence of amino acids be read by ribosomes
- DNA is very long so it can’t leave the nucleus, a copy of the specific gene should be made - mRNA (copy of a single gene)
- RNA: A-U, C-G
How are Proteins Made? Transcription & Translation
Cognito
1,878,192 views
⭐️ Find revision notes, questions, flashcards and more: https://cognitoedu.link/biology_prote...
** WHAT'S COVERED **
1. Introduction to Protein Synthesis
2. Overview of the two main stages: Transcription and Translation.
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA as a copy of a single gene.
Key structural differences between mRNA and DNA (length, single strand, Uracil vs Thymine).
4. Transcription: Copying the Gene
The role of RNA Polymerase.
Complementary base pairing rules for mRNA synthesis.
Formation of the mRNA strand.
5. Translation: Building the Protein
Role of the ribosome
How codons code for specific amino acids.
Role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.
Folding of the amino acid chain into a functional protein.
** EXAM BOARD INFO **
AQA - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
IGCSE Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only
Edexcel - Separate/triple science and higher tier only
OCR 21st Century - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
OCR Gateway - Separate/triple science and higher tier only - You don't need to know the details, just the overall idea
** CHAPTERS **
0:00 Intro to Protein Synthesis
0:15 The Two Stages: Transcription & Translation
0:48 Why We Need mRNA
2:05 mRNA vs DNA Structure
2:49 Transcription: Making mRNA
3:12 Uncoiling DNA for Transcription
3:49 RNA Polymerase & Base Pairing Rules (A-U, C-G)
5:47 Template Strand
6:42 Translation: Overview
7:02 Codons (Triplets) & Amino Acids
7:45 Translation: Making the Protein
8:06 Role of tRNA & Anticodons
9:42 Building the Amino Acid Chain
10:48 Forming the Protein (Folding)
** PLAYLISTS **
GCSE Maths (9-1)
GCSE Biology (9-1)
GCSE Chemistry (9-1)
GCSE Physics (9-1)
A-Level Biology
#GCSE #Biology #study #revision #school #exam #AQA #OCR #Edexcel #IGCSE #IB #AP