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Written by Barbascura X and Jacopo De Luca
Editing and editing - Fabrizio lo Feudo
Sponsored editing - Moreno Stefanuto
Helmsman and editor-in-chief - Gabriele T.

A production: MALESSERE
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For further information on the topics covered:
1. Hu et al., 2023. Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition. Science, 381(6661), 979–984
2. Bower, 2023. Extreme cold may have nearly wiped out human ancestors 900,000 years ago. Science News
3. Ashton, N., & Stringer, C. (2023). Did our ancestors nearly die out?. Science, 381(6661), 947-948
4. Bradburd, G. S., & Ralph, P. L. (2019). Spatial Population Genetics: It's About Time. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 50, 427–449
5. Cousins, T., & Durvasula, A. (2025). Insufficient evidence for a severe bottleneck in humans during the early to middle Pleistocene transition. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 42(2), msaf041
6. Schmidt-Küntze, A., Dalton, D. L., Menotti-Raymond, M., Fabiano, E., Charruau, P., Johnson, W. E., ... & O’Brien, S. J. (2018). Conservation genetics of the cheetah: Genetic history and implications for conservation. Cheetahs: biology and conservation, 71
7. Hoelzel, A. R., Fleischer, R. C., Campagna, C., Le Boeuf, B. J., & Alvord, G. (2002). Impact of a population bottleneck on symmetry and genetic diversity in the northern elephant seal. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15(4), 567-575
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