How did the Russian Empire wipe Circassia off the map, turning a warrior people into a dispersed diaspora? The story of one colonization—from the first fortresses on the Terek River and the Caucasian War to the Sochi Olympics and bans on language and memory in Putin's Russia.

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Where it came from. Essays on the history of empire—an Echo project about how the empire expanded and what happened to the peoples who became part of it. In this series of essays, we discuss the Komi, Tatars, Bashkorts, Circassians, Karelians, and the peoples of Chukotka.

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Read the full text of the episode on the Echo website: https://echofm.online/programs/otkuda...

00:00 — Beginning
00:28 — The World of Circassian Societies before Russia's Arrival
04:05 — First Alliances with Russia and "Neutral" Kabarda
08:48 — The Beginning of the Russo-Caucasian War and the Colonization of the Steppes
12:24 — Crimea, the Nogais, and the First Uprisings
17:20 — The Devastation of Kabarda
19:07 — The Pressure of Empires and the Image of the Caucasus in Russian Culture
24:18 — Sefer Bey and the European Factor
38:19 — Attempt to unite the North Caucasus and the Circassians in the Crimean War
47:20 — Alexander II's ultimatum, the parade at Krasnaya Polyana, and mass emigration
56:10 — Expulsion
59:27 — The Mountain Republic, Soviet autonomies, and the division of the Circassian people
01:08:48 — World War II and the late USSR
01:11:19 — Post-Soviet times

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