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When the future founder of Islam was born, the nomads living on the Arabian Peninsula were polytheists. Due to the lack of contemporary written sources, it is difficult to precisely describe the pantheon of deities. However, we do know that one of the most important, perhaps the most important, was Allah.

Although Muhammad was obviously not the inventor of monotheism, and the influence of Judaism and Christianity was evident on the Peninsula, his proposal was revolutionary for the Arabs themselves. "An absolutely uncompromisingly monotheistic religion was an absolute overthrow of the social and economic order," says Professor Katarzyna Pachniak, head of the Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Warsaw, on Radio Naukowe. "Wealthy Meccans, who were the Prophet's most important enemies, were the guardians of the pilgrimage to Meccan [polytheistic – RN] shrines. They therefore derived specific benefits from this," she adds.

The origins of Islam are not just about social change. They are also a military and political history. I asked Professor Pachniak whether Muhammad himself considered himself a mystic or a politician. "For Muslims, he is the holiest Prophet. Researchers who evaluate him objectively see that he was a good politician and statesman. He wanted to unite the tribes and undoubtedly believed that a monotheistic religion would be helpful," the researcher replies. "At the same time, it cannot be ruled out that he actually believed that what he heard was the voice of God," she emphasizes.

In the podcast, we also discuss jihad – what it means and how intertwined it is with Islam. It discusses the history of the Quran's writing and the sources of the fundamentalist attitudes of some contemporary Muslims. I highly recommend this episode!

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